The problem
In every bridgeless (2-edge-connected) graph, there exists a collection of cycles such that every edge belongs to exactly two of them. The strong form asks whether eight cycles always suffice.
In every bridgeless (2-edge-connected) graph, there exists a collection of cycles such that every edge belongs to exactly two of them. The strong form asks whether eight cycles always suffice.
Emerged in the 1970s from work of Szekeres, and Seymour's 1979 formulation; connected to the Four Color Theorem and snark theory via Tutte. Special cases fell steadily (planar graphs, squares-free graphs, Petersen-minor-free graphs) but fifty years produced no general proof.
Proved — OpenAI's GPT-5.6 Sol, released 10 July 2026: every bridgeless graph admits a cycle double cover with at most eight cycles. Published alongside the prompt: hours-long effort budgets, parallel sub-agents cross-checking each other's work, and instructions not to give up — a methodology as notable as the mathematics. Human reviewers confirmed the argument combines previously known techniques with unusual patience rather than fundamentally new tools. As with the unit-distance disproof two months earlier, the pattern repeats: the machinery existed; no human had assembled it.
Context: conjectured independently by Szekeres (1973) and Seymour (1979); it implies a trail of weaker statements (e.g. the Berge–Fulkerson conjecture) still open. The eight-cycle strong form was the folklore quantitative target — small enough to be useful, large enough to seem reachable — and reaching it by patience rather than new machinery is itself the news.
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