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The Slice–Ribbon Conjecture

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Posed by Ralph Fox / John Milnor (formulated from Fox's question) · 1957 · knot theory / low-dimensional topology · ~1 min read · difficulty 4/5

The problem

Claim: every slice knot is a ribbon knot. A knot K ⊂ S³ is slice if it bounds a smoothly embedded disc in B⁴; K is ribbon if it bounds an immersed disc in S³ whose only singularities are ribbon intersections (arcs of double points). Ribbon ⟹ slice is immediate.

History & significance

Fox posed the question informally in his 1962 knot theory notes; Milnor highlighted it alongside the unknotting problem. The conjecture gained teeth when topological-vs-smooth distinctions emerged in dimension four: topologically slice knots (Freedman) include many that are not smoothly slice (Donaldson constraints), making the smooth ribbon criterion genuinely restrictive. Akbulut–Ruberman, Gompf and others built large families of candidates that remain stubbornly unresolved.

Still open.

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